Rectangles and Squares

After defining a Rectangle variable, you can pass it to the method. Here is an example:

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;

public class Exercise : Form
{
    public Exercise()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }

    void InitializeComponent()
    {
        Paint += new PaintEventHandler(Exercise_Paint);
    }

    private void Exercise_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
    {
        Pen penCurrent = new Pen(Color.Red);
        Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle(20, 20, 248, 162);

        e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(penCurrent, Rect);
    }
}

public class Program
{
    public static int Main()
    {
        Application.Run(new Exercise());

        return 0;
    }
}

Remember that you can also define a Pen and/or a Rectangle objects in the parentheses of the method:

private void Exercise_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
        e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red),
                   new Rectangle(20, 20, 248, 162));
}

This would produce:

It is (very) important to remember that the third argument of the Rectangle represents its width (and not its right) value and the fourth argument represents its height (and not its bottom) value. This is a confusing fact for those who have programmed in GDI: GDI+ defines a Rectangle differently than GDI. In fact, to determine the location and dimensions of a rectangle to draw, the Graphics class provides the following versions of the DrawRectangle() method:

public 
   void DrawRectangle(Pen pen,
		      int x,
		      int y,
		      int width,
		      int height);
   void DrawRectangle(Pen pen,
		      float x,
		      float y,
		      float width,
		      float height);

This time, the rectangle is represented by its location with a point at (x, y) and its dimensions with the width and height argument. This can be illustrated in a Windows coordinate system as follows:

Based on this, the earlier rectangle can also be drawn with the following:

private void Exercise_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
        e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red), 20, 20, 248, 162);
}

A square is a rectangle whose four sides are equal.

1. Start Microsoft Visual C# and create a new Windows Application named WeeklySales1
2. Design the form as follows:
    

   Control Name Text Label   Monday Label   Tuesday Label   Wednesday Label   Thursday Label   Friday TextBox txtMonday 0 TextBox txtTuesday 0 TextBox txtWednesday 0 TextBox txtThursday 0 TextBox txtFriday 0 Button Generate btnGenerate

3. Double-click an unoccupied area of the form and change the file as follows:
    

   using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace WeeklySales1 { public partial class Form1 : Form { private Graphics graphDrawingArea; private Bitmap bmpDrawingArea; public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { bmpDrawingArea = new Bitmap(Width, Height); graphDrawingArea = Graphics.FromImage(bmpDrawingArea); } } }

4. Return to the form and click an empty area on it. In the Properties window, click the Events button
5. Double-click the Paint field and implement its event as follows:
    

   private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) { e.Graphics.DrawImage(bmpDrawingArea, 0, 0); }

6. Return to the form and double-click the Generate button
7. Implement the event as follows:
    

   private void btnGenerate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { int monday= 0, tuesday = 0, wednesday = 0, thursday = 0, friday = 0; try { monday = int.Parse(txtMonday.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid sales on Monday"); txtMonday.Text = "0"; } try { tuesday = int.Parse(txtTuesday.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid sales on Tuesday"); txtTuesday.Text = "0"; } try { wednesday = int.Parse(txtWednesday.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid sales on Wednesday"); txtWednesday.Text = "0"; } try { thursday = int.Parse(txtThursday.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid sales on Thursday"); txtThursday.Text = "0"; } try { friday = int.Parse(txtFriday.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid sales on Friday"); txtFriday.Text = "0"; } graphDrawingArea.Clear(this.BackColor); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red), this.txtMonday.Left + 10, 300 - monday, 40, monday); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Blue), this.txtTuesday.Left + 10, 300 - tuesday, 40, tuesday); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Fuchsia), this.txtWednesday.Left + 5, 300 - wednesday, 40, wednesday); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Brown), this.txtThursday.Left + 5, 300 - thursday, 40, thursday); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Turquoise), this.txtFriday.Left + 5, 300 - friday, 40, friday); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Black), 10, 300, Width - 30, 1); Invalidate(); }

8. Execute the application and test the form
    
    
9. After using it, close the form

The DrawRectangle() method is used to draw one rectangle. If you plan to draw many rectangles, you can proceed in one step by using the Graphics.DrawRectangles() method. It comes in two versions whose syntaxes are:

public void DrawRectangles(Pen pen, Rectangle[] rects);
public void DrawRectangles(Pen pen, RectangleF[] rects);

This method requires an array of Rectangle or RectangleF values. When executed, it draws individual rectangles using each member of the array as its own rectangle. Here is an example:

private void Exercise_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
        Pen penCurrent = new Pen(Color.Red);
        Rectangle[] Rect = { new Rectangle(20,  20, 120, 20),
	                         new Rectangle(20,  50, 120, 30),
		         new Rectangle(20,  90, 120, 40),
		         new Rectangle(20, 140, 120, 60) };

        e.Graphics.DrawRectangles(penCurrent, Rect);
}

This would produce:

1. Start a new Windows Application named YearlySales1
2. Design the form as follows:
    

   Control Name Text GroupBox   Current Year's Sales Label   1st Qtr Label   2nd Qtr Label   3rd Qtr Label   4th Qtr TextBox txtCurrentQtr1 0 TextBox txtCurrentQtr2 0 TextBox txtCurrentQtr3 0 TextBox txtCurrentQtr4 0 Button Close btnClose GroupBox   Previous Year's Sales Label   1st Qtr Label   2nd Qtr Label   3rd Qtr Label   4th Qtr TextBox txtPreviousQtr1 0 TextBox txtPreviousQtr2 0 TextBox txtPreviousQtr3 0 TextBox txtPreviousQtr4 0 Button Generate btnGenerate Label   _________ Legend _________ Label lblCurYear This Year's Sales Label lblLastYear Last Year's Sales

3. Double-click an unoccupied area of the form and change the file as follows:
    

   using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace YearlySales1 { public partial class Form1 : Form { Graphics graphDrawingArea; Bitmap bmpDrawingArea; public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { bmpDrawingArea = new Bitmap(Width, Height); graphDrawingArea = Graphics.FromImage(bmpDrawingArea); } } }

4. Return to the form and click an empty area on it. In the Properties window, click the Events button
5. Double-click the Paint field and implement its event as follows:
    

   private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e) { e.Graphics.DrawImage(bmpDrawingArea, 0, 0); }

6. Return to the form and double-click the Generate button
7. Implement the event as follows:
    

   private void btnGenerate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { int curQtr1 = 0, curQtr2 = 0, curQtr3 = 0, curQtr4 = 0; int prvQtr1 = 0, prvQtr2 = 0, prvQtr3 = 0, prvQtr4 = 0; // Retrieve the values of the current year's sales try { curQtr1 = int.Parse(txtCurrentQtr1.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the first quater"); curQtr1 = 0; } try { curQtr2 = int.Parse(txtCurrentQtr2.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the second quater"); curQtr2 = 0; } try { curQtr3 = int.Parse(txtCurrentQtr3.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the third quater"); curQtr3 = 0; } try { curQtr4 = int.Parse(txtCurrentQtr4.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the fourth quater"); curQtr4 = 0; } // Create an array of Rectangle objects for the current year Rectangle[] rectCurrentYear = { new Rectangle(txtCurrentQtr1.Left+20, 380-curQtr1, 40, curQtr1), new Rectangle(txtCurrentQtr2.Left+20, 380-curQtr2, 40, curQtr2), new Rectangle(txtCurrentQtr3.Left+20, 380-curQtr3, 40, curQtr3), new Rectangle(txtCurrentQtr4.Left+20, 380-curQtr4, 40, curQtr4) }; // Retrieve the values of last year's sales try { prvQtr1 = int.Parse(txtPreviousQtr1.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the third quater"); prvQtr1 = 0; } try { prvQtr2 = int.Parse(txtPreviousQtr2.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the third quater"); prvQtr2 = 0; } try { prvQtr3 = int.Parse(txtPreviousQtr3.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the third quater"); prvQtr3 = 0; } try { prvQtr4 = int.Parse(txtPreviousQtr4.Text) / 100; } catch (FormatException) { MessageBox.Show("Invalid value for the third quater"); prvQtr4 = 0; } // Create an array of Rectangle objects for the previous year Rectangle[] rectPreviousYear = { new Rectangle(txtPreviousQtr1.Left+30, 380-prvQtr1, 40, prvQtr1), new Rectangle(txtPreviousQtr2.Left+30, 380-prvQtr2, 40, prvQtr2), new Rectangle(txtPreviousQtr3.Left+30, 380-prvQtr3, 40, prvQtr3), new Rectangle(txtPreviousQtr4.Left+30, 380-prvQtr4, 40, prvQtr4) }; // In case the user has changed the values, // erase the previous chart graphDrawingArea.Clear(BackColor); // Draw the chart for the previous year first to send it back graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangles(new Pen(Color.Blue), rectPreviousYear); // Draw the chart for the current year in front graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangles(new Pen(Color.Red), rectCurrentYear); // Draw the small rectangles of the legend graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Blue), lblCurYear.Left - 30, lblCurYear.Top, 14, 10); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red), lblLastYear.Left - 30, lblLastYear.Top, 14, 10); graphDrawingArea.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Black), 25, 380, Width - 220, 1); Invalidate(); }

8. Return to the form. Double-click the Close button and implement its Click event as follows:
    

   private void btnClose_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Close(); }

9. Execute the application and test the form
    
    
10. After using it, close the form

An ellipse is a closed continuous line whose points are positioned so that two points exactly opposite each other have the exact same distant from a central point. It can be illustrated as follows:

Because an ellipse can fit in a rectangle, in GDI+ programming, an ellipse is defined with regards to a rectangle it would fit in. To draw an ellipse, you can use the Graphics.DrawEllipse() method that comes in four versions whose syntaxes are:

public void DrawEllipse(Pen pen,
		     Rectangle rect);
public void DrawEllipse(Pen pen,
		     RectangleF rect);
public void DrawEllipse(Pen pen,
		     int x,
		     int y,
		     int width,
		     int height);
public void DrawEllipse(Pen pen,
		     float x,
		     float y,
		     float width,
		     float height);

The arguments of this method play the same roll as those of the Graphics.DrawRectangle() method:

Here is an example:

private void Exercise_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
        Pen penCurrent = new Pen(Color.Red);

        e.Graphics.DrawEllipse(penCurrent,
                                             new Rectangle(20, 20, 226, 144));
}

1. Start a new Windows Application named RotatingCircles1
2. Double-click middle of the form and change the file as follows:
    

   using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace RotatingCircles1 { public partial class Form1 : Form { Graphics graphDrawingArea; Bitmap bmpDrawingArea; public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { bmpDrawingArea = new Bitmap(Width, Height); graphDrawingArea = Graphics.FromImage(bmpDrawingArea); } } }

3. From the Components section of the Toolbox, click Timer and click the form
4. In the Properties window, change the following values:
   Enabled: True
   Interval: 20
5. Under the form, double-click the timer1 object and make the following changes:
    

   using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace RotatingCircles1 { public partial class Form1 : Form { Graphics graphDrawingArea; Bitmap bmpDrawingArea; static int mainRadius = 10; static int smallRadius = 5; static bool isMax; static bool smallRadiusMax; public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { bmpDrawingArea = new Bitmap(Width, Height); graphDrawingArea = Graphics.FromImage(bmpDrawingArea); } void DrawCentralCircle(int CenterX, int CenterY, int Radius) { int start = CenterX - Radius; int end = CenterY - Radius; int diam = Radius * 2; graphDrawingArea.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Color.Blue), start, end, diam, diam); } void DrawCornerCircle(int CenterX, int CenterY, int Radius) { int start = CenterX - Radius; int end = CenterY - Radius; int diam = Radius * 2; graphDrawingArea.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Color.Red), start, end, diam, diam); } private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { Graphics graph = Graphics.FromHwnd(this.Handle); int centerX = ClientRectangle.Width / 2; int centerY = ClientRectangle.Height / 2; if (isMax == true) mainRadius--; else mainRadius++; if (mainRadius > (ClientRectangle.Height / 2)) isMax = true; if (mainRadius < 10) isMax = false; if (smallRadiusMax == true) smallRadius--; else smallRadius++; if (smallRadius > 240) smallRadiusMax = true; if (smallRadius < 5) smallRadiusMax = false; // Central DrawCentralCircle(centerX, centerY, mainRadius); // Top-Left DrawCornerCircle(centerX / 2, centerY / 2, smallRadius); // Top-Right DrawCornerCircle(centerX + (centerX / 2), centerY / 2, smallRadius); // Bottom-Left DrawCornerCircle(centerX / 2, centerY + (centerY / 2), smallRadius); // BottomRight DrawCornerCircle(centerX + (centerX / 2), centerY + (centerY / 2), smallRadius); graph.DrawImage(bmpDrawingArea, 0, 0); } } }

6. Execute the application to see the result
7. Close the form